Definition of Grading of Cable:
Grading is defined as the process of equalizing the stress in the dielectric of the cable. Generally, the electrical stress is maximum at the surface of the conductor or the innermost part of conductor while it is minimum at the outermost sheath of the conductor. If the stress is equal to all the dielectric of the conductor, then the thickness of the conductor is reduced. But if the stress is maximum at any of the dielectrics then it increases the thickness of the cable due to which the cost of the cable also increases.
There are two methods of grading the cable
Capacitance Grading or Dielectric Grading:
In this type of grading, the homogeneous dielectric is replaced by layers of dielectric having a different value of relative permittivity. For getting a uniform stress, an infinite number of dielectric will be required. The electrical stress can be uniformly distributed by using two or more dielectric having suitable permittivity.
The dielectric stress is given by the equation
Let us considered a cable having three dielectrics of relative permittivity ε1, ε2, and ε3, such that ε1< ε2< ε3. Let r1, r2 and R be the outer radii of the dielectric.
The potential difference across the inner layer is
Similarly the potential difference between r1 and r2 i.e., across the middle layer
and the potential difference between r2 and R i.e., across the outer layer
The total potential difference between core and earthed sheath
The capacitance of the cable
The maximum stress is given by
In case the maximum stress is the same in the each layer
The total voltage applied across the cable
gmax represent the peak value of electrical stress, and all the voltages are represented in peak values, not in RMS value.
Intersheath Grading:
Intersheath grading is the method of keeping the gradual voltage across the insulator by using the layers of the insulators. In this method, the uniform voltage is developed across the cable insulators. The total layer of the insulation material is divided into numbers of layers by providing intersheath.
Intersheaths are thin metallic cylindrical sheaths concentric with the conductor and placed between the conductor and the outside sheath. Consider a cable with one intersheath only as shown below.
Consider a cable with one intersheath only as shown in the figure below.
Let r1= radius of the intersheath
R=radius of the outer sheath
V1 = voltage between the core and the intersheath
V2= voltage between the innersheath and outer sheath
V = applied voltage between the core and the sheath
The maximum potential gradient in the second layer
The maximum potential gradient in second equation
If the two potential gradients are equal
Also
For economical size of the cable
and
Also,
Where A is a constant equal to 1/gmax e1-1/e
For minimum value of R
From the above equation, we get,
We know that, e = 2.718
Grading is defined as the process of equalizing the stress in the dielectric of the cable. Generally, the electrical stress is maximum at the surface of the conductor or the innermost part of conductor while it is minimum at the outermost sheath of the conductor. If the stress is equal to all the dielectric of the conductor, then the thickness of the conductor is reduced. But if the stress is maximum at any of the dielectrics then it increases the thickness of the cable due to which the cost of the cable also increases.
There are two methods of grading the cable
- Capacitance Grading / Dielectric Grading
- Intersheath Grading
Capacitance Grading or Dielectric Grading:
In this type of grading, the homogeneous dielectric is replaced by layers of dielectric having a different value of relative permittivity. For getting a uniform stress, an infinite number of dielectric will be required. The electrical stress can be uniformly distributed by using two or more dielectric having suitable permittivity.
The dielectric stress is given by the equation
Let us considered a cable having three dielectrics of relative permittivity ε1, ε2, and ε3, such that ε1< ε2< ε3. Let r1, r2 and R be the outer radii of the dielectric.
The potential difference across the inner layer is
Similarly the potential difference between r1 and r2 i.e., across the middle layer
and the potential difference between r2 and R i.e., across the outer layer
The total potential difference between core and earthed sheath
The capacitance of the cable
The maximum stress is given by
In case the maximum stress is the same in the each layer
The total voltage applied across the cable
gmax represent the peak value of electrical stress, and all the voltages are represented in peak values, not in RMS value.
Intersheath Grading:
Intersheath grading is the method of keeping the gradual voltage across the insulator by using the layers of the insulators. In this method, the uniform voltage is developed across the cable insulators. The total layer of the insulation material is divided into numbers of layers by providing intersheath.
Intersheaths are thin metallic cylindrical sheaths concentric with the conductor and placed between the conductor and the outside sheath. Consider a cable with one intersheath only as shown below.
Consider a cable with one intersheath only as shown in the figure below.
Let r1= radius of the intersheath
R=radius of the outer sheath
V1 = voltage between the core and the intersheath
V2= voltage between the innersheath and outer sheath
V = applied voltage between the core and the sheath
The maximum potential gradient in the second layer
The maximum potential gradient in second equation
If the two potential gradients are equal
Also
For economical size of the cable
and
Also,
Where A is a constant equal to 1/gmax e1-1/e
For minimum value of R
From the above equation, we get,
We know that, e = 2.718
What is Grading of Cable
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Oleh
Unknown
